UPSC Prelims 2018 — practice paper

These names refer to major cyber incidents from 2017. WannaCry and Petya/NotPetya were ransomware outbreaks that rapidly spread across Windows systems. EternalBlue is the SMBv1 exploit (linked to the MS17-010 vulnerability) leaked from the NSA’s toolset and used by these attacks for self-propagation across networks. Hence, they are related to cyber attacks.

The Forest Rights Act, 2006 establishes a framework for recognizing the rights of forest-dwelling communities, including the definition of 'Critical Wildlife Habitat' and the provision of habitat rights to specific tribal groups. The correct option reflects that both the definition of critical wildlife habitat is indeed part of the Act and that the Baiga community was the first to be granted habitat rights, highlighting the Act's role in empowering indigenous populations. The trap in the incorrect option lies in the misunderstanding of the process for declaring habitat rights for Primitive and Vulnerable Tribal Groups, which is managed at the state level rather than being a direct decision by the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.

The Ninth Schedule of the Constitution of India allows Parliament to place certain laws beyond judicial scrutiny, but this is limited to laws enacted before a specific date. While Parliament can indeed add laws to the Ninth Schedule through constitutional amendments, the Supreme Court's ruling in I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu established that laws added after April 24, 1973, are subject to judicial review, particularly concerning the basic structure of the Constitution. This makes the second statement incorrect, as it suggests an absolute immunity from judicial review that does not apply to all laws in the Ninth Schedule.