UPSC Prelims 2017 — practice paper

The most direct route by road from Kohima (Nagaland) to Kottayam (Kerala) passes through at least seven states: Nagaland, Assam, West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala. This path covers a plausible and minimal number of states for such a journey, confirmed by mapping services and preparatory sources.

Under the Information Technology Act, 2000—specifically Section 70B—and corresponding CERT‑In Rules and Directions, it is legally mandatory for service providers, data centres, and body corporate entities to report specified cyber security incidents to CERT‑In. Section 70B(6) empowers CERT‑In to issue directions to “service providers, intermediaries, data centres, body corporate,” and failure to comply (including reporting) is punishable under Section 70B(7) ([aitd.net.in](https://www.aitd.net.in/pdf/13/3.%20Information%20Technology%20Act.pdf?utm_source=openai)). Additionally, CERT‑In Directions effective from April 2022 explicitly require all these entities to report cyber incidents to CERT‑In (within stipulated time frames such as six hours) and maintain system logs, confirming the mandatory nature of the requirement ([parinamlaw.com](https://parinamlaw.com/articles-updates/understanding-cert-ins-new-cybersecurity-norms-parinam-law-associates/?utm_source=openai)).

Fundamental Duties are enshrined in Article 51A of the Indian Constitution and are considered moral obligations for citizens. There is no legislative process specifically provided to enforce these duties, making statement 1 incorrect. Furthermore, these duties are not explicitly correlative to legal duties, as they are intended to serve as ethical guidelines, making statement 2 incorrect.